Evaluation of the implementation of the objective structured clinical examination in health sciences education from a low-income context in Tunisia: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is well-established and designed to evaluate students' clinical competence and practical skills in a standardized and objective manner. While OSCEs are widespread in higher-income countries, their implementation in low-resource settings presents unique challenges that warrant further investigation. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the perception of the health sciences students and their educators regarding deploying OSCEs within the School of Health Sciences and Techniques of Sousse (SHSTS) in Tunisia and their efficacity in healthcare education compared to traditional practical examination methods. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2022, focusing on final-year Health Sciences students at the SHSTS in Tunisia. The study participants were students and their educators involved in the OSCEs from June 6th to June 11th, 2022. Anonymous paper-based 5-point Likert scale satisfaction surveys were distributed to the students and their educators, with a separate set of questions for each. Spearman, Mann-Whitney U and Krusakll-Wallis tests were utilized to test the differences in satisfaction with the OSCEs among the students and educators. The Wilcoxon Rank test was utilized to examine the differences in students' assessment scores in the OSCEs and the traditional practical examination methods. Results: The satisfaction scores were high among health sciences educators and above average for students, with means of 3.82 ± 1.29 and 3.15 ± 0.56, respectively. The bivariate and multivariate analyzes indicated a significant difference in the satisfaction between the students' specialities. Further, a significant difference in their assessment scores distribution in the practical examinations and OSCEs was also demonstrated, with better performance in the OSCEs. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence of the relatively high level of satisfaction with the OSCEs and better performance compared to the traditional practical examinations. These findings advocate for the efficacy of OSCEs in low-income countries and the need to sustain them.

Predictive modelling of transport decisions and resources optimisation in pre-hospital setting using machine learning techniques.

BACKGROUND: The global evolution of pre-hospital care systems faces dynamic challenges, particularly in multinational settings. Machine learning (ML) techniques enable the exploration of deeply embedded data patterns for improved patient care and resource optimisation. This study's objective was to accurately predict cases that necessitated transportation versus those that did not, using ML techniques, thereby facilitating efficient resource allocation. METHODS: ML algorithms were utilised to predict patient transport decisions in a Middle Eastern national pre-hospital emergency medical care provider. A comprehensive dataset comprising 93,712 emergency calls from the 999-call centre was analysed using R programming language. Demographic and clinical variables were incorporated to enhance predictive accuracy. Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) algorithms were trained and validated. RESULTS: All the trained algorithm models, particularly XGBoost (Accuracy = 83.1%), correctly predicted patients' transportation decisions. Further, they indicated statistically significant patterns that could be leveraged for targeted resource deployment. Moreover, the specificity rates were high; 97.96% in RF and 95.39% in XGBoost, minimising the incidence of incorrectly identified "Transported" cases (False Positive). CONCLUSION: The study identified the transformative potential of ML algorithms in enhancing the quality of pre-hospital care in Qatar. The high predictive accuracy of the employed models suggested actionable avenues for day and time-specific resource planning and patient triaging, thereby having potential to contribute to pre-hospital quality, safety, and value improvement. These findings pave the way for more nuanced, data-driven quality improvement interventions with significant implications for future operational strategies.

Epidemiology of prehospital emergency calls according to patient transport decision in a middle eastern emergency care environment: Retrospective cohort-based.

Background and Aim: Though emergency medical services (EMS) respond to all types of emergency calls, they do not always result in the patient being transported to the hospital. This study aimed to explore the determinants influencing emergency call-response-based conveyance decisions in a Middle Eastern ambulance service. Methods: This retrospective quantitative analysis of 93,712 emergency calls to the Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service (HMCAS) between January 1 and May 31, 2023, obtained from the HMCAS electronic system, was analyzed to determine pertinent variables. Sociodemographic, emergency dispatch-related, clinical, and miscellaneous predictors were analyzed. Descriptive, bivariate, ridge logistic regression, and combination analyses were evaluated. Results: 23.95% (N = 21,194) and 76.05% (N = 67,285) resulted in patient nontransport and transportation, respectively. Sociodemographic analysis revealed that males predominantly activated EMS resources, and 60% of males (n = 12,687) were not transported, whilst 65% of females (n = 44,053) were transported. South Asians represented a significant proportion of the transported patients (36%, n = 24,007). "Home" emerged as the primary emergency location (56%, n = 37,725). Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations across several variables, though multicollinearity was identified as a challenge. Ridge regression analysis underscored the role of certain predictors, such as missing provisional diagnoses, in transportation decisions. The upset plot shows that hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common combinations in both groups. Conclusions: This study highlights the nuanced complexities governing conveyance decisions. By unveiling patterns such as male predominance, which reflects Qatar's expatriate population, and specific temporal EMS activity peaks, this study accentuates the importance of holistic patient assessment that transcends medical histories.

Exploring factors influencing time from dispatch to unit availability according to the transport decision in the pre-hospital setting: an exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Efficient resource distribution is important. Despite extensive research on response timings within ambulance services, nuances of time from unit dispatch to becoming available still need to be explored. This study aimed to identify the determinants of the duration between ambulance dispatch and readiness to respond to the next case according to the patients' transport decisions. METHODS: Time from ambulance dispatch to availability (TDA) analysis according to the patients' transport decision (Transport versus Non-Transport) was conducted using R-Studio™ for a data set of 93,712 emergency calls managed by a Middle Eastern ambulance service from January to May 2023. Log-transformed Hazard Ratios (HR) were examined across diverse parameters. A Cox regression model was utilised to determine the influence of variables on TDA. Kaplan-Meier curves discerned potential variances in the time elapsed for both cohorts based on demographics and clinical indicators. A competing risk analysis assessed the probabilities of distinct outcomes occurring. RESULTS: The median duration of elapsed TDA was 173 min for the transported patients and 73 min for those not transported. The HR unveiled Significant associations in various demographic variables. The Kaplan-Meier curves revealed variances in TDA across different nationalities and age categories. In the competing risk analysis, the 'Not Transported' group demonstrated a higher incidence of prolonged TDA than the 'Transported' group at specified time points. CONCLUSIONS: Exploring TDA offers a novel perspective on ambulance services' efficiency. Though promising, the findings necessitate further exploration across diverse settings, ensuring broader applicability. Future research should consider a comprehensive range of variables to fully harness the utility of this period as a metric for healthcare excellence.

Enhancing Patient Safety in Prehospital Environment: Analyzing Patient Perspectives on Non-Transport Decisions With Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning.

OBJECTIVE: This research explored the experiences and perspectives of patients declining hospital transportation after receiving prehospital emergency care using advanced computational techniques. METHOD: Between 15th June and 1st August 2023, 210 patients in Qatar, treated by Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service (HMCAS) but refusing transportation to hospital, were interviewed. Key outcome variables stratified by demographics included "reasons for refusing transport," "satisfaction with HMCAS service," and "postrefusal actions." Responses underwent sentiment analysis and topic modeling using latent Dirichlet allocation. Machine learning models, such as Naïve Bayes, K-nearest neighboring, random forest, and support vector machine, were used to predict patients' subsequent actions. RESULTS: Participants had an average age of 38.61 ± 19.91 years. The chief complaints were primarily chest and abdominal pains (18.49%; n = 39). Sentiment Analysis revealed a generally favorable perception of HMCAS-provided service. Latent Dirichlet allocation identified two main topics pertaining to refusal reasons and service satisfaction. Naïve Bayes and support vector machine algorithms were most effective in predicting postrefusal actions with an accuracy rate of 81.58%. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the utility of Natural Language Processing and ML in enhancing our understanding of patient behaviors and sentiments in prehospital settings. These advanced computational methodologies allowed for a nuanced exploration of patient demographics and sentiments, providing insights for Quality Improvement initiatives. The study also advocates for continuously integrating automated feedback mechanisms to improve patient-centered care in the prehospital context. Continuous integration of automated feedback systems is recommended to improve prehospital patient-centered care.

Corrigendum: Perceptions and experiences of community-based healthcare professionals in the state of Qatar having do not attempt resuscitation discussions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1232954.].

Perspectives on Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques.

Over the past 3 decades, the diversity of ethnic, religious, and political backgrounds worldwide, particularly in countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), has led to an increase in the number of intercountry conflicts and terrorist attacks, sometimes involving chemical and biological agents. This warrants moving toward a collaborative approach to strengthening preparedness in the region. In disaster medicine, artificial intelligence techniques have been increasingly utilized to allow a thorough analysis by revealing unseen patterns. In this study, the authors used text mining and machine learning techniques to analyze open-ended feedback from multidisciplinary experts in disaster medicine regarding the MENA region's preparedness for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) risks. Open-ended feedback from 29 international experts in disaster medicine, selected based on their organizational roles and contributions to the academic field, was collected using a modified interview method between October and December 2022. Machine learning clustering algorithms, natural language processing, and sentiment analysis were used to analyze the data gathered using R language accessed through the RStudio environment. Findings revealed negative and fearful sentiments about a lack of accessibility to preparedness information, as well as positive sentiments toward CBRN preparedness concepts raised by the modified interview method. The artificial intelligence analysis techniques revealed a common consensus among experts about the importance of having accessible and effective plans and improved health sector preparedness in MENA, especially for potential chemical and biological incidents. Findings from this study can inform policymakers in the region to converge their efforts to build collaborative initiatives to strengthen CBRN preparedness capabilities in the healthcare sector.

Perceptions and experiences of community-based healthcare professionals in the state of Qatar having do not attempt resuscitation discussions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: The values and attitudes of healthcare professionals influence their handling of "do-not-attempt-resuscitation" (DNAR) orders, as does that of the families they interact with. The aim of this study was to describe attitudes, perceptions, and practices among community-based medical practitioners towards discussing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and DNAR orders with patients and their relatives, and to investigate if the COVID-19 pandemic affected their practice in having these discussions. Methods: This is a researcher-developed online survey-based study which aimed to recruit a convenience sample of respondents from a total population of 106 healthcare professionals working for the Mobile Healthcare Service (MHS), Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service in the State of Qatar. Results: 33 family physicians, 38 nurses, and 20 paramedics (n = 91) responded to the questionnaire, of who around 40, 8, and 50%, respectively, had engaged in Do Not Attempt Resuscitation discussions during their work with MHS. 15% of physicians who had experience with Do Not Attempt Resuscitation discussions in Qatar felt that the family or patient were not open to having such discussions. 90% of paramedics thought that Do Not Attempt Resuscitation was a taboo topic for their patients in Qatar, and this view was shared by 75% of physicians and 50% of nurses. Per the responses, the COVID-19 pandemic had not affected the likelihood of most of the physicians or nurses (and 50% of the paramedics) identifying patients with whom having a Do Not Attempt Resuscitation discussion would be clinically appropriate. Discussion: Overall, for all three groups, the COVID-19 pandemic did not affect the likelihood of identifying patients with whom a Do Not Attempt Resuscitation discussion would be clinically appropriate. We found that the greatest barriers in having Do Not Attempt Resuscitation discussions were perceived to be the religious or cultural beliefs of the patient and/or their family, along with the factor of feeling the staff member did not know the patient or their family well enough. All three groups said they would be more likely to have a conversation about Do Not Attempt Resuscitation if barriers were addressed.

Reflective learning conversations model for simulation debriefing: a co-design process and development innovation.

BACKGROUND: Health practitioners must be equipped with effective clinical reasoning skills to make appropriate, safe clinical decisions and avoid practice errors. Under-developed clinical reasoning skills have the potential to threaten patient safety and delay care or treatment, particularly in critical and acute care settings. Simulation-based education which incorporates post-simulation reflective learning conversations as a debriefing method is used to develop clinical reasoning skills while patient safety is maintained. However, due to the multidimensional nature of clinical reasoning, the potential risk of cognitive overload, and the varying use of analytic (hypothetical-deductive) and non-analytic (intuitive) clinical reasoning processes amongst senior and junior simulation participants, it is important to consider experience, competence, flow and amount of information, and case complexity related factors to optimize clinical reasoning while attending group- based post-simulation reflective learning conversations as a debriefing method. We aim to describe the development of a post-simulation reflective learning conversations model in which a number of contributing factors to achieve clinical reasoning optimization were addressed. METHODS: A Co-design working group (N = 18) of doctors, nurses, researchers, educators, and patients' representatives collaboratively worked through consecutive workshops to co-design a post-simulation reflective learning conversations model to be used for simulation debriefing. The co-design working group established the model through a theoretical and conceptual-driven process and multiphasic expert reviews. Concurrent integration of appreciative inquiry, plus/delta, and Bloom's Taxonomy methods were considered to optimize simulation participants' clinical reasoning while attending simulation activities. The face and content validity of the model were established using the Content Validity Index CVI and Content Validity Ratio CVR methods. RESULTS: A Post-simulation reflective learning conversations model was developed and piloted. The model was supported with worked examples and scripted guidance. The face and content validity of the model were evaluated and confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The newly co-designed model was established in consideration to different simulation participants' seniority and competence, flow and amount of information, and simulation case complexity. These factors were considered to optimize clinical reasoning while attending group-based simulation activities.

Injuries related to pets, exotic animals, and falconry in Qatar.

INTRODUCTION: Pets and exotic animals are increasingly popular all over the world. Some of these animals may cause injuries to their owners or other people during interactions. Both injuries and systemic infections always present diagnosis and treatment challenges. Emergency physicians´ clinical experience in managing patients with injuries caused by pets and exotic animals, in particular, is limited; hence, we believe that it is a domain to explore in a Middle Eastern country to help raise awareness and provide reminders as to the best evidence-based medical practice. METHODS: Hamad Medical Corporation's hospital records of patients treated between 2015 and 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Cases whose diagnosis was recorded as injuries caused by animals kept as pets were included in the study. Patients were evaluated in terms of demographic characteristics, type of injury, injury locations, injury severity, treatments applied, and complications. Descriptive statistics were carried out, and findings were expressed as percentages in a frequency table. RESULTS: Following a search of the electronic patient records during the period of interest, 43 patients were found to have sought treatment following an injury caused by a pet or domestic exotic animal. The mean age of the patients was 23.5 years; about three-quarters were male, and approximately half were children. All injuries were minor, and 74.4% were skin abrasions. The most commonly injured body parts were the hand, the leg, and facial injuries. It was observed that cats caused 53.5% of the injuries, whereas falcons were involved in 11.6% of the cases. All patients were prescribed prophylactic antibiotics, and 60.5% were administered a tetanus injection. CONCLUSION: Despite our study spanning over seven years, a relatively low number of patients reported to the government hospitals´ emergency departments. The injuries are most commonly caused by cats and often involve children and animal bites to hands. The key recommendations are for parents or childminders to always supervise children when interacting with animals, be particularly cautious, and wear some form of protection when handling pets and domestic, exotic animals. Whether it is a bite or a scratch, healthcare professionals should always anticipate the potential risk of infection, treat the patient accordingly, and prescribe prophylactic antibiotics.

Can we use normal saline stored under stress conditions? A simulated prehospital emergency medical setting.

Background: Data on stability and suitability to use normal saline stored under stress conditions in ambulances is lacking. Objective: We aimed to study the impact of exposure to extreme temperature variations on normal saline stability and compatibility with its packaging. Methods: Normal saline in 96 polyolefin bags were exposed to continuous temperature of 22, 50, and 70 °C or to a cyclic temperature of 70 °C per 8 h and 22 °C per 16 h. The bags were sampled at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks in the short- and long-term experiments, respectively. Solution inside the bags was evaluated for any evidence of crystallization, discoloration, turbidity, or pH changes. A sample of normal saline was withdrawn from each bag to analyze sodium and chloride levels. Results: Precipitation, discoloration, or turbidity were not observed in the solution inside normal saline bags. The average pH was 5.59 at 22 °C, 5.73 at 50 °C, 5.86 at 70 °C and 5.79 at cyclic exposure. In the short- and long-term experiments, sodium and chloride concentrations were within 100.2-111.27% and 99.04-110.95%, respectively. Leaching of the plastic components in the polyolefin bag into the normal saline solution was not detected. Conclusions: Sodium and chloride levels of normal saline were stable and compatible with polyolefin bags stored in simulated continuous and cyclic extreme temperatures for around one month. The effect of storage in the cabinet of operational ambulance vehicles during different seasons in arid countries is yet to be evaluated in real-world conditions, to further confirm our results.

Understanding patient non-transport decision theories in the pre-hospital setting: a narrative review.

BACKGROUND: In pre-hospital emergency care, decisions regarding patient non-conveyance emerged as significant determinants of healthcare outcomes and resource utilization. These complex decisions became integral to the progress of emergency medical services, thus warranting an evolving exploration within the medical discourse. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This narrative review aimed to synthesize and critically evaluate various theoretical stances on patient non-conveyance in the pre-hospital emergency. The focus on studies published between January 2012 and August 2022 was intentional to capture contemporary practices and insights. PubMed and Google Scholar served as the primary databases for the investigation, while the AL-Rayyan® software facilitated a thorough screening process. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Twenty-nine studies-encompassing articles, books, and theses-were discovered through our search, each presenting unique perspectives on patient non-transport, thus highlighting its criticality as a healthcare concern. Predominant factors influencing non-transport decisions were classified into patient-initiated refusals (PIR), clinician-initiated decisions (CID), and dispatcher-initiated decisions (DID). CONCLUSIONS: The issue of patient non-conveyance to hospitals continues to pose a crucial challenge to the seamless operation of emergency healthcare systems, warranting increased attention from various healthcare entities. To comprehend and pinpoint potential areas of improvement, a comprehensive analysis of pre-hospital non-transport events is imperative. A well-informed, strategic approach could prevent resource waste while ensuring patients receive the required and definitive care. KEY MESSAGES: Why is this topic important? Some studies have suggested that non-transport to hospitals following emergency calls is safe. However, it is a concerning issue for health systems. It is also considered a key performance metric for health systems. What does this review attempt to show? This review aimed to map the various factors discussed in the literature regarding the decisions not to transport patients following emergency calls in a pre-hospital setting. What are the key findings? The existing theories regarding non-transport to hospitals after the provision of emergency care in the pre-hospital setting were identified. Non-transport due to non-clinical decisions jeopardizes emergency care outcomes for paediatric and elderly patients in particular. Hence, further research is required to identify and control the factors governing these decisions. How is patient care impacted? The decisions regarding patient transport following emergency calls in a pre-hospital setting are crucial for patient outcomes. They could impact the pre-hospital emergency care outcomes as well as patient safety. They can also affect the emergency services resources' ability to respond to other critical emergencies.

Provision of bystander CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Middle East: a retrospective gender-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies conducted in North America, Europe, and East Asia (Liu et al., EClinicalMedicine 44:101293, 2022; Matsui et al., JAMA Netw Open 2:e195111, 2019; Awad et al., J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 4:e12957, 2023; Yoon et al., Prehosp Emerg Care :1-7, 2022) reported gender disparities in the provision of bystander CPR for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, it remains unknown whether similar disparities exist in the Middle Eastern and Gulf regions. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate gender differences in the provision of bystander CPR for patients with OHCA in Qatar. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data obtained from Hamad Medical Corporation OHCA registry in the State of Qatar (2016-2022). We included adults with non-traumatic and EMS-attended OHCA. We used multilevel logistic regression to examine the association between gender and provision of bystander CPR. RESULTS: In total, 4283 patients were included. Of those, 3414 (79.7%) were males, 1639 (38.3%) arrested in public locations, and 1463 (34.2%) received bystander CPR. Unadjusted comparisons showed that females were significantly older than males (mean age: 62.2 vs. 52.7). Females had a lower proportion of OHCA occurring in public locations (15.1% vs. 44.2%) and a lower proportion of shockable rhythm (11.9 vs. 27.5%). Regarding the outcome variable (provision of bystander CPR), the unadjusted analysis showed that the proportion of females who received bystander CPR was lower than that of males (29.2% vs. 35.4%, p < 0.001). However, after adjustment, we found no significant difference in provision of bystander CPR by gender (adjusted OR female vs. male 0.99, 95% CI 0.84-1.20, p = 0.97). In the subgroup who arrested in public locations, the analysis revealed females had greater odds of receiving bystander CPR (adjusted OR female vs. male 1.47, 95% CI 1.10-1.82, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, bystander CPR was less common in female gender; after adjustment for other covariates, including arrest location, we found no significant gender differences in provision of bystander CPR. We also observed that females were found to have a lower incidence of cardiac arrest in public locations. Nevertheless, if females were to experience cardiac arrest in a public location, they would be more likely to receive CPR. Further research is required to explain the observed differences in provision of bystander CPR.

Epidemiological Determinants of Patient Non-Conveyance to the Hospital in an Emergency Medical Service Environment.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of comorbidities worldwide has spurred the need for time-effective pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS). Some pre-hospital emergency calls requesting EMS result in patient non-conveyance. Decisions for non-conveyance are sometimes driven by the patient or the clinician, which may jeopardize the patients' healthcare outcomes. This study aimed to explore the distribution and determinants of patient non-conveyance to hospitals in a Middle Eastern national Ambulance Service that promotes the transportation of all emergency call patients and does not adopt clinician-based non-conveyance decision. METHODS: Using R Language, descriptive, bivariate, and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted for 334,392 multi-national patient non-conveyance emergency calls from June 2018 to July 2022, from a total of 1,030,228 calls to which a response unit was dispatched. RESULTS: After data pre-processing, 237,862 cases of patient non-conveyance to hospital were retained, with a monthly average of 41.96% (n = 8799) of the emergency service demands and a standard deviation of 5.49% (n = 2040.63). They predominantly involved South Asians (29.36%, n = 69,849); 64.50% (n = 153,427) were of the age category from 14 to 44 years; 61.22% (n = 145,610) were male; 74.59% (n = 177,424) from the urban setting; and 71.28% (n = 169,552) had received on-scene treatment. Binary logistic regression with full variables and backward methods identified the final models of the determinants of patient non-conveyance decisions with an Akaike information criterion prediction estimator, respectively, of (250,200) and (250,169), indicating no significant difference between both models (Chi-square test; p-value = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Despite exercising a cautious protocol by encouraging patient transportation to hospital, patient non-conveyance seems to be a problem in the healthcare system that strains the pre-hospital medical response teams' resources. Policies and regulations should be adopted to encourage individuals to access other primary care centers when required rather than draining emergency services for non-emergency situations.

A protocol for a scoping review of the use of mental simulation and full-scale simulation in practising healthcare decision-making skills of undergraduate nursing students.

AIM: This scoping review aims to explore the effect of FSS and mental simulation on the decision-making skills of nursing students. BACKGROUND: Full-scale simulation (FSS) has been the most used simulation modality in nursing education due to its applicability to enhance both technical and non-technical skills. However, FSS can be excessively costly and other factors such as technophobia and lack of trained staff and support make FSS less accessible, especially for nursing education. Therefore, a novel mental simulation that is interactive and supported by visual elements can be a substitute for FSS, at least for some of the skills, such as clinical decision-making. Reviews comparing the effectiveness of FSS and mental simulation on decision-making skills in nursing students are lacking. Further knowledge on the effectiveness of these two modalities on decision-making skills for nursing students is needed to inform the nursing education curriculum and to decide between the two modalities. DESIGN: This protocol adheres to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-scr) checklist. METHOD: The methodological framework for scoping reviews will be followed for this scoping review. Scopus, EBSCOhost the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE and for the grey literature ERIC and BASE will be searched for related studies. The search will be limited to January 2008 and April 2023 (up-to-date) and English. A detailed search strategy was developed with an experienced research information manager and this strategy will be adapted to each database. A single screening will be performed by an author who will screen all abstracts and titles and full-text publications. After the study selection step of the framework, the data from the included studies will be charted using a data extraction form. The data will be synthesised by comparing the effect of FSS and mental simulation on decision-making skills. CONCLUSION: A synopsis of the publication on FSS and mental simulation on nurse students' decision-making skills will be useful for stakeholders when choosing between two modalities to deliver decision-making skills to nursing students and also help to inform the nursing education and simulation practice. SCOPING REVIEW REGISTRATION: Protocols.io (doi: 10.17504/protocols.io.e6nvw57y7vmk/v1).

The effectiveness of online Visually Enhanced Mental Simulation in developing casualty triage and management skills of paramedic program students: A quasi-experimental research study.

BACKGROUND: Paramedics who perform patient triaging in case of a mass casualty incident generally receive triage training during their undergraduate educational program. Triage training can be facilitated using various simulation modalities together with theoretical training. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of online scenario-based Visually Enhanced Mental Simulation (VEMS) on developing the casualty triage and management skills of paramedic students. DESIGN: The study was conducted using a single-group pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was carried out in October 2020 with 20 volunteer students studying in the First and Emergency Aid program of a university in Turkey. METHODS: After the online theoretical crime scene management and triage course, students completed a demographic questionnaire and a pre-VEMS assessment. They then took part in the online VEMS training and eventually completed the post-VEMS assessment. At the end of the session, they filed an online survey concerning VEMS. RESULTS: There is a statistically significant increase in the scores obtained by the students between the pre- and post-educational intervention assessment (p < 0.05). The majority of the students gave positive feedback concerning VEMS as an educational approach. CONCLUSION: The results show that online VEMS is effective in helping paramedic students acquire casualty triage and management skills and that students thought it was an effective educational approach.

FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022TM stadium patient evacuation: A system testing simulation-based exercise.

BACKGROUND: As the State of Qatar is soon to host the Federation International of Football Associations (FIFA) 2022 World Cup tournament, the health sector has also been preparing for the event to increase its capacity to meet the expected additional health demand. The readiness of the health sector is being tested and improved through a number of simulation-based exercises. In this case, it relates to testing in a realistic manner the complete evacuation process of a patient using two very different modes of transportation, from a distant FIFA stadium up to the handover phase in the main trauma center in the State of Qatar. METHOD: In this controlled simulation-based pilot study, the total evacuation time of a patient from the 60,000-fan capacity Al Bayt Stadium (ABS), situated in a rural northern part of Qatar, to Hamad General Hospital (HGH) Trauma Resuscitation Unit (TRU) situated approximately 50 km away, was compared when transported by helicopter and by ambulance. The Scenario for the simulation was based on a player who sustained a fractured lower leg and a concussion during a football match and needed urgent evacuation from the ABS Players' Medical Clinic near Al Khor to HGH in Doha. The same Scenario was enacted twice, the first time with a ground Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service (HMCAS) ambulance and the second time with an HMCAS LifeFlight helicopter. RESULTS: The transportation phase for Scenario 2 (LifeFlight helicopter) was 63% faster than for Scenario 1 (ground ambulance). However, upon arrival at HGH, the patient arrived sooner at the TRU in Scenario 1 compared with Scenario 2. The overall mission time was thus only 6 minutes and 22 seconds faster by LifeFlight helicopter as compared with the ground ambulance. CONCLUSIONS: According to this simulation-based pilot study, using a helicopter to transport patients 50 km from the ABS 2022 FIFA World Cup stadium to the HGH TRU was only marginally faster by helicopter than using a ground-based ambulance. In addition, the ambulance was not using emergency driving operations, which when used would have further reduced the time taken for the ambulance to reach HGH TRU. Therefore, having a helicopter on standby there would not significantly improve the transport time of a critically ill/injured patient's access to definitive care and will not be available during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022TM unless it is called upon to respond to a mass casualty incident or bring additional Critical Care Paramedic resources to the stadium.

Quality improvement tools to manage emergency callbacks from patients with diabetes in a prehospital setting.

Diabetes is rising at an alarming rate, as 1 in 10 adults worldwide now lives with the disease. In Qatar, a middle eastern Arab country, diabetes prevalence is equally concerning and is predicted to increase from 17% to 24% among individuals aged 45 and 54 years by 2050. While most healthcare strategies focus on preventative and improvement of in-hospital care of patients with diabetes, a notable paucity exists concerning diabetes in the prehospital setting should ideally be provided. This quality improvement study was conducted in a middle eastern ambulance service and aimed to reduce ambulance callbacks of patients with diabetes-related emergencies after refusing transport to the hospital at the first time. We used iterative four-stage problem-solving models. It focused on the education and training of both paramedics and patients. The study showed that while it was possible to reduce the rate of ambulance callbacks of patients with diabetes, this was short-lived and numbers increased again. The study demonstrated that improvements could be effective. Hence, changes that impacted policy, systems of care and ambulance protocols directed at managing and caring for patients with diabetes-related prehospital emergencies may be required to reify them.

Assessment of Clinical Reasoning While Attending Critical Care Postsimulation Reflective Learning Conversation: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: The critical care environment is characterized with a high level of workload, complexity, and risk of committing practice mistakes. To avoid clinical errors, health care professionals should be competent with effective clinical reasoning skills. To develop effective clinical reasoning skills, health care professionals should get the chance to practice and be exposed to different patient experiences. To minimize safety risks to patients and health care professionals, clinical reasoning with a focus on reflective learning conversation opportunities can be practiced in simulated settings. OBJECTIVES: To explore the most valid and reliable tools to assess clinical reasoning while attending adult critical care-related simulation-based courses in which reflective learning conversations are used. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Extension for Scoping Reviews. Eight electronic databases were searched, and full-text review was completed for 26 articles. RESULTS: The search resulted in no studies conducted to measure clinical reasoning while attending adult critical care-related, simulation-based courses in which the reflective learning conversation method was embedded. DISCUSSION: This highlights the need to evaluate current available clinical reasoning tools or develop new tools within the context of adult critical care simulation where reflective learning forms a key part of the simulation procedures.

Risk of COVID-19 infection among mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation team.

Background and Aim: The transport of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a challenging situation, especially for healthcare workers (HCWs), due to the risk of cross-infection. Hence, certain precautions are needed for their safety. The study aims to evaluate the risk of COVID-19 transmission to HCWs who transport COVID-19 patients on ECMO device. Methods: A retrospective review of adult patients with COVID-19 infection supported with ECMO and transported by ground route to the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) at Hamad General Hospital (HGH) and a survey of HCWs involved in those cases. Results: A total of 63 HCWs of the mobile ECMO team were exposed to COVID-19-positive patients on 199 occasions. HCWs exposure time was nearly 110 h, and the total transport distance was 1018 km. During the study period, only two of the mobile ECMO HCWs tested positive for COVID-19. There was zero incidence of transfer-associated injuries or accidents to HCWs. Conclusions: The risk of COVID-19 cross-infection to the mobile ECMO team seems to be very low, provided that strict infection prevention and control measures are applied.